Osteoporosis, Metabolic Bone Disease, and Mineral Homeostasis
Textbooks and chapters
Morgan SL, Saag K, Julian B, Blair H. Osteopenic bone diseases. In: Koopman WJ (ed). Arthritis & Allied Conditions: A Textbook of Rheumatology. 14 th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000. Review of metabolic bone diseases.
Avioli LV and Krane SM. Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders . Philadelphia: Saunders Co, 1998. Well-written and comprehensive resource for in-depth study.
Favus MJ (ed). Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism . Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003. Concise resource for any topic related to bone and mineral disorders. Compendium of tables and charts at end for quick reference.
Bonnick SL. Bone densitometry in clinical practice. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998.
Review articles
Bacciottini L, Brandi ML. Foods and new foods: the role of nutrition in skeletal health. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 38: S115-S117. A variety of whole-foods and dietary supplements improve skeletal health.
Farrow S. The Endocrinology of Bone. Journal of Endocrinology Ltd. Bristol UK. Reprinted from Journal of Endocrinology , vol 154, suppl Sept 1997. This is a series of 7 papers from the Journal of Endocrinology (British) on Rickets, PTH analogues, PTH related protein, cartilage differentiation, integrin function in osteoclasts, vitamin D pathophysiology and pseudovitamin D deficiency states.
Flynn A. The role of dietary calcium in bone health. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62: 851-858. Important review of calcium homeostasis and skeletal health.
Hamilton C, Seidner DL. Metabolic bone disease and parenteral nutrition. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2004; 6: 335-341. Metabolic bone disease can develop with long-term parenteral nutrition and certain PN adjustments can reduce the risk for this potential complication.
Murphy NM, Carroll P. The effect of physical activity and its interaction with nutrition on bone health. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62: 829-838. Review of the literature on the interplay between physical activity and calcium homeostasis on bone health.
New SA. Intake of fruit and vegetables: implications for bone health. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62: 889-899. Important association of fruits and vegetables on skeletal health with particular emphasis on the bone functioning in acid-base balance.
Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency: a cause of heterogenous disease in humans. J Bone Min Res . 1998;13:749-758. Comprehensive review of magnesium pathophysiology and treatments of disease states. It includes many summary tables and protocol for a magnesium tolerance test. Well referenced and current.
Weaver CM, Fleet JC. Vitamin D requirements: current and future. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1735S-1739S. Recommendations updated from 1997 statements.
Original reports
Goode LR, Brolin RE, Chowdhury HA, et al. Bone and gastric bypass surgery: effects of dietary calcium and vitamin D. Obes Res 2004; 12: 40-47. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a significant problem following several types of bariatric procedures, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. This is associated with vitamin D and calcium malabsorption and decreased bone mineral density.
Lin PH, Ginty F, Appel LJ, et al. The DASH diet and sodium reduction improve markers of bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adults. J Nutr 2003; 133: 3130-3136. Reduction of renal sodium excretion is associated with improved calcium balance and bone mineral status.
Roberts D et al. Longitudinal study of bone turnover after acute spinal cord injury. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:415-422. Spinal cord injury patients represent a distinct subpopulation in which abnormal bone and mineral metabolism occurs. This is a 6 month longitudinal followup of biochemical and densitometric markers of metabolic bone disease in this patients.
Shane E et al. Prevention of bone loss after heart transplantation with antiresorptive therapy: a pilot study. J Heart Lung Transplant . 1998;17:1089-1096. Calcitriol-pamidronate therapy is becoming more common in a variety of disease states. This report describes its use and effect in patients who have had cardiac transplantation.
Silverberg SJ et al. The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 1999;107:561-567. This study describes the negative effect concurrent vitamin D deficiency has on metabolic bone disease when primary hyperparathyroidism is present. Implications for nutritional intervention with vitamin D are discussed.
Trang HM et al. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:854-858. This study provides evidence that vitamins D2 and D3 have different nutritional values.
Seminal papers
Delmas PD et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. New Engl J Med 1997;337:1641-1647. Definitive study demonstrating effect of raloxifene — increases bone mineral density and lowers total and LDL cholesterol without stimulating endometrium. This provides an alternative to the use of hormone replacement therapy in women.
Hosking D et al. Prevention of bone loss with alendronate in postmenopausal women under 60 years of age. New Engl J Med 1998;338:485-492. Definitive report of alendronate preventing bone loss in women to nearly the same extent as that of hormone relacement therapy.